<b>Alternative liming blends for fish culture</b>

SOIL pH AND LIMING

When crops do not grow well, one of the first question an agronomist is likely to ask is “What is the pH of the soil?” The reason for this question is that soil pH tells us more about a soils ability to produce crops that any other single measurement. A measurement of soil pH is like a doctor’s measurement of a patient’s temperature. It gives an indication something may or may not be wrong, but...

Soil Acidity and Liming

Soil pH, soil acidity, and their effects on plants The pH scale, ranging from 0 to 14, is used to indicate acidity and alkalinity. pH is a measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions (symbol = H) in the water contained in the soil. A pH of 7.0 is neutral, values below 7 are acidic, and those above 7 are alkaline (basic). The lower the pH, the more acid the soil. Each unit pH drop indicates te...

Liming in Missouri in the 20 Century

Gill reactivity of aluminium-species following liming.

In acidified aluminium (Al) rich freshwater positively charged Al-species (Al(i)) are the key toxic components due to the accumulation in fish gills. As a countermeasure, liming is used to increase the pH and reduce the concentration of Al(i)-species; in particular low molecular mass (LMM) Al(i)-species by hydrolyses. However, very toxic high molecular mass (HMM) Al polymers can form in the uns...

Conjugated-Polymer Blends for Optoelectronics

Solution-processed polymer optoelectronic devices such as light-emitting diodes and solar cells have many advantages for large-area manufacture, and show increasing levels of performance. Here, we review recent progress in using blends of two conjugated polymers for optoelectronic devices. The blending of two or more polymers allows tuning of device performance, and for photovoltaics presents a...